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很多考生反映，上了考場(chǎng)，看著滿屏的英語(yǔ)心里直發(fā)毛，讀不下去，腦袋直想撞屏；或是讀著讀著就被卡住了；還有人讀了后句忘前句。如果有以上三種癥狀出現(xiàn)，那么表明該考生在英文閱讀方面，有一個(gè)根本性的問(wèn)題沒(méi)有解決，那就是句子邏輯。
仔細(xì)讀這個(gè)句子：These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will be less an exploration of abstract matters in spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
以上這個(gè)例句，即使考生認(rèn)識(shí)所有單詞，在閱讀過(guò)程中也有可能卡住，甚至迷失。這就是接下來(lái)環(huán)球教育老師要講的邏輯問(wèn)題。想攻破托福閱讀，第一步要解決的就是語(yǔ)言邏輯。邏輯正確，意思才會(huì)正確，才能做進(jìn)一步的推理分析和歸納總結(jié)。
首先，要明白，邏輯就是語(yǔ)序，就是你看到文字時(shí)大腦里的反應(yīng)和期待?？吹街形模鳛槟刚Z(yǔ)，你會(huì)很熟悉她的語(yǔ)序，自然能反應(yīng)出她接下來(lái)要說(shuō)什么，所以整個(gè)閱讀過(guò)程很通暢。而英文，語(yǔ)序和中文不太一樣，所以問(wèn)題就出現(xiàn)了。
1.中英文大語(yǔ)序是相同的，都是主謂賓。
中文說(shuō)，我喜歡你。老美也會(huì)說(shuō)，我喜歡你。而日本人會(huì)說(shuō)：我你喜歡。日語(yǔ)的大邏輯是：主賓謂。
2.中英文唯一的邏輯差異是：英文定語(yǔ)后置，層層向前修飾。
這是造成一切英文閱讀困難的根本原因。什么是定語(yǔ)？定語(yǔ)是起限定作用的。限定誰(shuí)？限定所修飾的名詞。并不是所有的名詞都符合條件，只有限定范圍內(nèi)的名詞才夠格。比如，給我拿件T恤來(lái)。衣櫥里有很多T恤，拿哪個(gè)？拿那個(gè)帶有梅西簽名的T恤。 Give me the T-shirt with the signature of Messi. 這叫定語(yǔ)后置，限定名詞T恤的范圍。
托福真題例句：例1：America is falling into the step with the trend toward smaller families which had appeared all through western world.
這句話翻譯成中文就是：美國(guó)正墜入整個(gè)西方世界都出現(xiàn)的小家庭趨勢(shì)的腳步中。中文的定語(yǔ)都在"腳步"前面；而英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)都在"the step"后面。從邏輯走向來(lái)看，中文的邏輯都是一條線往下去的，不回頭，順著讀很舒服。而英文的邏輯在修飾的地方需要往回找，確定修飾所指對(duì)象。所以，這句話讀下來(lái)的正確感覺(jué)應(yīng)該是這樣的：美國(guó)正墜入腳步，什么樣的腳步？伴隨一種趨勢(shì)的腳步，什么樣的趨勢(shì)？朝向小家庭的趨勢(shì), 什么樣的小家庭？已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)在整個(gè)西方世界的小家庭。所以英文是需要邏輯往回找，層層向前修飾。
例2：The fact that artisans, who were considered low-level class in 1900s, were regarded as artists today were due to the movement of art in 1940s.
英文閱讀感覺(jué)示范：事實(shí)，什么樣的事實(shí)？工匠怎么了的事實(shí)。什么樣的工匠？在1900s被看做下等階層的工匠。然后句子后面出現(xiàn)were regarded as artists today，這是工匠的謂語(yǔ)，連起來(lái)意思即為"在1900s被看做下等階層的工匠今天被看成藝術(shù)家"。句子后面又出現(xiàn)"were due to the movement of art in 1940s"，這是fact的謂語(yǔ)，連起來(lái)整句話的意思是"在1900s被看做下等階層的工匠今天被看成藝術(shù)家這樣的事實(shí)是歸因于1940s的藝術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。"
3.中文，主謂緊密相連；英文，主謂分隔千里。
主謂被后置定語(yǔ)分離。后置定語(yǔ)是一切問(wèn)題的根源。如例2：The fact that artisans, who were considered low-level class in 1900s, were regarded as artists today were due to the movement of art in 1940s.
例3：But sculpture as a high art, practiced by artists who knew both the artistic theory of their Renaissance-Baroque-Rococo predecessors and the various technical procedures of modeling, casting, and carving rich three-dimensional forms, was not known among Americans in 1776.
這句話主要想講的是：雕塑在1776年是不為美國(guó)人所知的。主謂被分隔了兩行多。當(dāng)考生看到was not known among Americans，會(huì)問(wèn)：什么東西不被美國(guó)人所知？很多考生認(rèn)為是前面緊挨的three-dimensional forms，認(rèn)為是"3D形式不被美國(guó)人所知"。這就是受母語(yǔ)影響。因?yàn)樵谥形睦铮髦^緊密相連，謂語(yǔ)前面就應(yīng)該是主語(yǔ)。但在英文里，謂語(yǔ)前面往往是主語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)還在前面，所以要繼續(xù)向前找。真正的主語(yǔ)是sculpture。
4.中文：并列緊密相連；英文：并列分隔千里。
后置定語(yǔ)分離并列結(jié)構(gòu)。后置定語(yǔ)是一切問(wèn)題的根源。例4：The sex ratio will be favored by natural selection that can maximize the number of offspring that an individual will produce and the number of genes transmitted.
思考：and the number of genes transmitted和誰(shuí)并列？
上面的句子簡(jiǎn)化處理：The sex ratio will be favored by natural selection that can maximize the number of offspring and the number of genes transmitted.
答案：and the number of genes transmitted 和 the number of offspring并列。最后，我們?cè)倏匆幌麻_(kāi)頭的句子：These questions are political in the sense that the debate over them will be less an exploration of abstract matters in spirit of disinterested inquiry than an academic power struggle in which the careers and professional fortunes of many women scholars-only now entering the academic profession in substantial numbers-will be at stake, and with them the chances for a distinctive contribution to humanistic understanding, a contribution that might be an important influence against sexism in our society.
英文閱讀的感覺(jué)應(yīng)該是這樣的：這些問(wèn)題在這個(gè)意義上看是政治的問(wèn)題。什么意義？對(duì)這些問(wèn)題的討論不是本著公正的精神關(guān)于抽象問(wèn)題的探索，而更多是學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)力的爭(zhēng)斗。什么樣的學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)力爭(zhēng)斗？許多女性學(xué)者（只有最近她們才大量涌入學(xué)術(shù)界）的職業(yè)生涯和職業(yè)財(cái)富將處在危險(xiǎn)中的學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)力爭(zhēng)斗。And with them和誰(shuí)并列？順讀，后面意思是：對(duì)人類理解做出獨(dú)特貢獻(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)和反抗社會(huì)性別歧視的一個(gè)重要影響的貢獻(xiàn)機(jī)會(huì)。這樣的機(jī)會(huì)chance只能和職業(yè)生涯career和職業(yè)財(cái)富fortune并列。這句話難在最后省略了謂語(yǔ)will be at stake. 即這種機(jī)會(huì)chance伴隨著前面的職業(yè)生涯career和職業(yè)財(cái)富fortune將也處于危險(xiǎn)中be at stake。整句話意思為：給女性學(xué)者帶來(lái)這樣危險(xiǎn)的學(xué)術(shù)權(quán)力爭(zhēng)斗的角度來(lái)看，這些問(wèn)題是政治性的問(wèn)題。
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