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這篇文章是對(duì)托福閱讀題型中的插入題的小總結(jié)。
這個(gè)題型屬于托福題中的簡單題。
你學(xué)會(huì)秒殺它了嗎？
題目要求
在這個(gè)題目中會(huì)有一個(gè)句子，問的是它應(yīng)該插入在文中的什么位置。完成這道題需要你理解文章結(jié)構(gòu)以及句與句之間的銜接方式。
題型形式
Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
[You will see a sentence in bold.]
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
考察數(shù)量
1個(gè)。簡單題。
選題規(guī)律
連貫的語言表達(dá)更容易讓人理解。
好的文章并不是機(jī)械堆積句子，而是句子與句子間有著邏輯或語意拉扯。
為了保證文章連貫，英語中句子的銜接方式可以分為以下三種：
代詞銜接
代詞是對(duì)要重復(fù)陳述事物的替代，從而使語言表達(dá)簡潔。
它好比是火車車廂的車鉤，把同一對(duì)象的意思銜接在一起。
如果在插入句中發(fā)現(xiàn)了代詞，注定的是這個(gè)代詞的指代對(duì)象在段落里有提及。
若能知道這個(gè)代詞大概指代的是什么，則很快能判定插入句與段落中哪個(gè)句子相關(guān)。
所以，代詞是完成插入題的一個(gè)信號(hào)。
完成此題時(shí)要先觀察插入句中有沒有代詞呢。
代詞指代的是什么？
指代對(duì)象是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)？是人還是物呢？
比如：TPO41-1 Navajo Art
Paragraph 1：…Working from the inside of the design outward, the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black, white, bluish-gray, orange, and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery. █ The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers. █ The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings. █ These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs, which can last up to nine days. █
Look at the four squares ?[█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Since this purpose is limited to the context of the ritual, the paintings are destroyed when the ritual is completed.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
插入句出現(xiàn)代詞“this”，其指代“purpose”,也就意味著原文中肯定提及過與“purpose”相關(guān)話題?？紤]到“purpose” 有改寫的可能，回原文匹配與“purpose” 相關(guān)的內(nèi)容，然后鎖定“aid to”。因?yàn)榇~出現(xiàn)是簡化重復(fù)信息，所以放在其指代對(duì)象的后面，則此題答案為D。
此題中常出現(xiàn)的可用于信號(hào)的代詞有：such, this, that, those, these, they, he….; 另外，冠詞“the”的特質(zhì)性也是建立在重復(fù)內(nèi)容基礎(chǔ)上，所以“the”也是一個(gè)信號(hào)。
代詞和冠詞的提示作用大大減少了完成此題的閱讀信息量，答案的判定直接簡化成詞與詞的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。
邏輯銜接
邏輯關(guān)系是句意關(guān)系的指示燈。
如果插入句中出現(xiàn)了句間邏輯關(guān)系詞，則能快速鎖定插入句的背景。
常見的句間邏輯關(guān)系包括：舉例、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列、因果、遞進(jìn)。
比如：
TPO40-3 Amphibian Thermoregulation
①Physiological adaptations can assist amphibians in colonizing habitats where extreme conditions prevail. ②The tolerance range in body temperature represents the range of temperatures within which a species can survive. ③One species of North American newt is still active when temperature drops to -2℃ while one South American frog feels comfortable even when temperatures rise to 41℃---the highest body temperature measured in a free-ranging amphibian.④█Recently it has been shown that some North American frog and toad species can survive up to five days with a body temperature of -6℃ with approximately one-third of their body fluids frozen.⑤█The other tissues are protected because they contain the frost-protective agents glycerin or glucose.⑥█Additionally, in many species the tolerance boundaries are flexible and can change as a result of acclimatization (long-term exposure to particular conditions). █
Look at the four squares [█]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
On the other hand, amphibians in very hot climates use secretions from the mucus glands to decrease their temperature through evaporative cooling.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [█] to add the sentence to the passage.
1.閱讀插入句，識(shí)別句間邏輯。
插入句中出現(xiàn)了并列關(guān)系的邏輯詞on the other hand；
并列內(nèi)容是amphibians 在“hot climates”如何降低溫度。
2. 閱讀原文，尋找可與邏輯關(guān)系匹配的句子。
此題目標(biāo)是回原文閱讀，尋找與插入句并列的句子。
閱讀范圍是第一個(gè)插入位置的上一句和最后一處的插入句，即“one species of North American…conditions”.
此段的主題是“Physiological adaptations”如何幫動(dòng)物生活于惡劣環(huán)境中。
第三句話舉例在講動(dòng)物忍耐范圍之大，如“-2℃”到“41℃”，并沒有具體講到adaptations是什么，A選項(xiàng)?；
第四句話舉例說“some North American frog and toad species”可以生活在“-6℃”,伴隨著1/3的身體冷凍狀態(tài)。此句涉及了動(dòng)物在較低溫度下的一種生活方式。
第五句話中，“the other tissues”與第四句話中“one-third of their body fluids”話題延續(xù)，中間不能穿插其他話題，所以B選項(xiàng)?。
第六句話中，“additionally”代表句間并列邏輯關(guān)系，解釋動(dòng)物的忍耐區(qū)間是靈活的。
比較C和D選項(xiàng)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，原文第四句和第五句解釋的是動(dòng)物生活在較低溫度“-6℃”下的調(diào)節(jié)方式，而插入句是在解釋動(dòng)物生活在較高溫度“very hot climates”的調(diào)節(jié)方式。也就是四五句話在主題上與插入句一樣，解釋的是動(dòng)物的適應(yīng)能力。并且，話題間解釋的是不同環(huán)境下的適應(yīng)能力，并列關(guān)系明顯。
3 確定答案
插入句與原文第四五句話間構(gòu)成并列關(guān)系，正確答案為C?
邏輯信號(hào)是此題完成的一大線索。
邏輯關(guān)系的識(shí)別不難，但能準(zhǔn)確理解出邏輯關(guān)系在語境的體現(xiàn)形式是要害。
訓(xùn)練邏輯與語意匹配關(guān)系是一大關(guān)鍵。
語意銜接
閱讀中，每個(gè)自然段會(huì)有一個(gè)主題。
為了讓話題不散架，前后句間就需要有交集。
如果不能做到句子間前后有回應(yīng)，那一個(gè)句子可以要么承前上一句內(nèi)容，要么啟后后一句話內(nèi)容。
比如：
Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environment. 第二句話承前第一句話內(nèi)容。
Another aspect of advertising that may especially influence children is fantasy. Fantasy is one of the more common techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young audience. 第一句話啟后第二句話內(nèi)容。
如果插入句中沒有代詞、冠詞或邏輯關(guān)系的提示下，則插入題完成時(shí)會(huì)通過排除法原則，在段落中尋找與插入句重疊的內(nèi)容。
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)
與插入句沒有信息交集
排列順序錯(cuò)誤
姓名
手機(jī)號(hào)
