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托福閱讀推斷題技巧，這篇文章是對(duì)托福閱讀題型中的推斷題的小總結(jié)。
這個(gè)題型聽上去是不是云里霧外？
不神秘，也不玄乎。
了解了推斷題的題型特點(diǎn)便能撥開云霧見月明。
題目要求
題目測(cè)試你的推斷能力，能不能理解一個(gè)在文中未準(zhǔn)確陳述的觀點(diǎn)。比如，一個(gè)事件的影響在文中提出，然后推斷題會(huì)問你它的原因是什么。如果文中進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)對(duì)象間的比較，那推斷題會(huì)圍繞著對(duì)比內(nèi)容考察。
題型形式
Which of the following can be inferred about X?
The author of the passage implies that X …
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X ?
考察數(shù)量
1-2；偏難。
選題規(guī)律
先聲明一下：托福閱讀中的推斷題比中文的推斷題要簡(jiǎn)單狹隘的多。比如，你讀了一本小書，小說里的一個(gè)演員生氣了，你可能會(huì)想作者在解釋這個(gè)人性格不好，在警告讀者不能亂發(fā)脾氣。但是，在托福閱讀中，我們只能推斷出這個(gè)人啊，不開心了，僅此而已。
不妨，我們就把推斷題當(dāng)作事實(shí)信息題處理。盡管答案不一定是逐詞逐句地推斷，但文章中肯定有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)容來得出推斷題答案。
托福閱讀的推斷是講道理的。
既然推斷題類似于事實(shí)信息題，所以我們依據(jù)可以按照“定位-搜索-核對(duì)”三步曲策略。這道題難點(diǎn)就在于把握合理的推理思路。
推斷題的推理思路可以假設(shè)成“硬幣的正反面”。也就是說，要么推理結(jié)果與原文內(nèi)容一致，要么推理結(jié)果與原文內(nèi)容相反。在這里，我簡(jiǎn)要用“正邏輯”和“反邏輯”來代表。
正邏輯
1）由具體到抽象的推斷
如：Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium? （TPO 7 Ancient Rome and Greece）
定位句：In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society.
推理結(jié)果：Agriculture played a significant role in the society.
依據(jù)：具象詞land—概括詞Agriculture.
2) 由抽象到具體的推斷
如：Which of the following statements about annual rainfall can be inferred from paragraph 1?（TPO 12 Water in the Desert）
定位句：An annual rainfall of four inches is often used to define the limits of a desert.
推理結(jié)果：Areas that receive more than four inches of rain per year are not considered deserts.
依據(jù)：“define the limits of a desert”代表著“標(biāo)尺”作用，
即 >4=?desert;<4=?desert.
正確答案把定義性的抽象內(nèi)容延展成具體信息。
3）由細(xì)節(jié)到觀點(diǎn)的推斷
如：What does the discussion in paragraph 1 of runoff channels in the southern highlands suggest about Mars? （TPO8 Running Water）
定位句：Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels.
推理結(jié)果：Large amounts of rain once fell on parts of Mars.
依據(jù)：第二句“Two types of flow features are seen”對(duì)應(yīng)于第一句“Photographic evidence”，所以“runoff channels and outflow channels”可以證明“l(fā)iquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars."?答案句中的“rain”是對(duì)原文“l(fā)iquid water”的改寫。
反邏輯
出現(xiàn)情況穩(wěn)定，原文出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)事物之間的對(duì)比。原文闡述了一個(gè)對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)，推斷題要求選出另一個(gè)對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)。所以，最后的答案與原文細(xì)節(jié)相反。
常見的對(duì)比邏輯詞有：not, unlike, in contrast to, however, but, now, 時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)。
如，Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?（TPO 7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean）
定位句：Sediment above and below the gypsum layercontained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.
推理結(jié)果：It did not contain any marine fossil.
依據(jù)：“above and below the gypsum layer”以地點(diǎn)代表對(duì)比，意味著“above and below the gypsum layer”和“the solid gypsum layer”特點(diǎn)不一致，所以在這里添加地點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)兩者的不一致性。
你可以把它想象成一個(gè)漢堡包夾層結(jié)構(gòu)，上下是面包但中間是肉肉。因此，若“above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils”，則“the solid gypsum layer did not contain any marine fossil.”
錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)
以偏概全；過度推理；與原文信息矛盾。
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