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這篇文章是對托福閱讀題型中的事實信息題的小總結。
作為托福閱讀中的一個要害題，你get它的規(guī)則了嗎？你做題時會不會抓耳撓腮呢？
下面，我們來一起分析下攻破這個題的正確姿勢是什么。
題目要求
要求按照題干要求選出符合原文語意的選項。也就是說，答案是基于原文信息的同意改寫，不需要推理。大多數的題目只需要你閱讀段落中特定的句子，比如一兩句話，并不需要掌握段落主題。
題型形式
According to the paragraph, which of the following is true of X?
The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?
According to the paragraph, X occurred because…
According to the paragraph, X did Y because…
According to the paragraph, why did X do Y?
The author’s description of X mentions which of the following?
考察數量
3-5個。它是托福閱讀中的主力題。
選題規(guī)律
1
仔細閱讀題目，從題干中找準定位詞
完成細節(jié)題就好比是你要開車去一個陌生地方。為了防止走彎路或者迷路，我們會導航，是不是。這樣即便我們中間走錯了路，也能及時校對方向。
那完成細節(jié)題時，我們也需要一個“導航”， 它就是題干要求或題目關鍵詞。
完成細節(jié)題時，我們的目標很明確，就是在原文中快速找到跟題干相關的句子。后面閱讀時，心里就會有把“桿秤”，去權衡哪句話跟題目相關、哪句話跟題目不相關。
也就是說，以題目要求來決定我們的閱讀注意力放在哪句話上，避免掙扎于不必要的掙扎。這時候第一步就需要從題干中找準定位詞。
那定位詞有什么條件呢？
1、易識別
只為了在茫茫單詞中多看它一眼，
題干的定位詞就要有特點。
越能在走馬觀花地閱讀中發(fā)現它越好。
大寫相對于小寫，就是特點。
數字相對于字母，就是特點。
斜體相對于正體，就是特點。
專有名詞相對于普通名詞，就是特點。
比如：According to paragraph 6, which of the following accounts for the delay in the conversion to sound films in Europe? 定位詞為Europe；
What makes the extinction of “the ammonites” especially significant? 定位詞為“the ammonites”
2、閱讀范圍少
細節(jié)題對句子的考察是“少而精”。
所以，定位詞涉及的句子越少越減少閱讀負擔。
在這里，選擇的定位詞盡量避開段落主題詞。
比如，According to paragraph 3, which of the following is often the subject of Navajo sand paintings?
在這段話中，段落主題是Navajo sand paintings, 所以Navajo不可以作為定位詞；subject更有針對性，但subject有被改寫的可能，所以回原文定位時有相關話題。
3、精準
優(yōu)秀的射手不在于距離多遠，而在于準。你的目標就是成為那個優(yōu)秀的射手，瞄準要害，百分百中。這個要害對應的話，就是題目的核心詞匯。
比如：According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to...問的是new council的作用是什么，new council 相對于role描述語意更精準，所以定位詞為new council.
核心詞匯不一定是特殊詞匯，也不一定是名詞，是通過語意決定主次。
比如：According to the passage, which of the following is...?
整段討論的對象是tunas, 話題是關于tunas保持一致運動的原因，從語意出發(fā)“constant motion”是定位詞。考慮到“constant motion”有改寫的可能，定位過程中是搜尋跟它一致的語意而不是相同形式。
Tips
個別題目是針對全段話題細節(jié)的考察，注定需要全段閱讀。如：which of the following is true of …?
邏輯也是一種定位方法，比如題目涉及因果邏輯關系，那在文章中搜索因果邏輯相關的內容也是一種提示。
2
以定位詞為導向，在原文中搜索答案。
這一步是關鍵。
要注意，定位詞在原文搜索中有改寫的可能，尤其是“普通名詞”，“形容詞”，“動詞”。
如，“constant motion”對應原文“keep swimming”; “subject”對應原文“illustrate”。熟悉詞與詞之間的同意改寫能更快地在文章中找到“目標句”。
3
理解原文，核對選項
在原文確定好跟題干相關的句子后，仔細閱讀，篩選出答案關鍵詞，進而與選項匹配。前兩步做對了，這一步的操作流程就類似于“句子簡化題”。
總結
細節(jié)題三步走，“定位-搜索-核對”。而，排除做題會比較低效率。我們的目標是盡快找到答案字眼。
想想看，要想早一點找到你心中完美的“他”或“她”，你要先知道你想要和什么樣的人在一起。那要想盡快篩選出答案，起碼你要知道答案大概長什么樣子。
練習
一起來做一道完整的練習熱熱身??
?。═PO40-1Ancient Athens）
Paragraph 4: Cleisthenes’ principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes, which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes, by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners. The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters. Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other, less liberal forms.
According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to
A. determine what issues came before the assembly
B. prepare the agenda for the courts
C. carry out the assembly’s policies
D. oversee the distribution of food and water
段落看起來很長，其實只是個“紙老虎”。
1
仔細閱讀題目，從題干中找準定位詞。
“one role of the new council was to”
討論對象為“the new council”，即為定位詞。
2
以定位詞為導向，在原文中搜索答案。
以“council”搜索到“The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly, and the courts, which took care of most judicial matters.”
這句話重點是理解并列關系指的是：the council and the courts；
“which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly”解釋“the council”；
“which took care of most judicial matters”解釋“the courts”
3
理解原文，核對選項。
通過原文信息確定“the new council”作用是“prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly”；
注意，“assembly”與“the courts” 屬于不同團體。
與選項對比中，determine what issues came before the assembly=prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly，因此A?；
B是極具迷惑的選項，prepare the agenda 與原文字眼完全一致，但the courts? the assembly。
所以，長得跟原文越像的選項越有欺騙性。
錯誤選項
在文中未提及；
與文中信息矛盾
姓名
手機號
